Royal House: House of Bragança
Birth
Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel
Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim de Bragança e Bourbon, was
born on October 12, 1798 at Queluz Palace situated in the outskirts of Lisbon.
He was the fourth child and second son of King
João VI and the Consort Queen Carlota Joaquina*.
By the time the little Prince was born, his
father was Prince Regent of Portugal, due to Queen Maria I mental illness. His
mother only held her birth title, Princess of Spain.
*Pedro’s paternity (and that of his siblings) has been questioned ever since, due to his mother’s well known unfaithfulness. Her "adventures" started
to create rumours and some affirm that he was the son of a nobleman named Marialva but there are others that defend that the children born till 1801 are all from the Royal couple.
Childhood and Education
When his elder brother, Prince António
Francisco de Assis de Bragança Bourbon died in 1801, Pedro became Heir Apparent to the Portuguese throne.
It is said that he was rarely allowed to
approach his mentally disordered grandmother and that the child was afraid of
her. It seems that he heard her shouting at Queluz Palace’s gardens.
The little Prince was left to the cares of
servants, ladies-in-waiting and nannies. He also played with his siblings.
Brazilian writer, Otávio Tarquínio de Sousa wrote that the Prince
had three wet nurses: Madalena Josefa de São Pedro de Alcântara, Iria Teresa da
Silva and Maria Bonifácio. Maria Genoveva do Rêgo e Matos was responsible for the Prince's first education. His lady-in-waiting was the Marchioness of São
Miguel, Mariana Xavier Botelho together with Vasco Manuel de Figueiredo da
Câmara Cabral. However it is said that the child’s supposed “protectors” didn’t
care much.
From 1802 his mother left the Palace and spent
most of her time at Ramalhão Palace and his father’s reserved character and
depression, or simply neglect, made him establish little contact with his
children.
The Prince’s education only changed around 1804
when he began his writing lessons and mathematics (his favourite) with José Monteiro da Rocha*, Latin with
Friar António da Nossa Senhora de La Salette (who became his friend and confessor) and French with Canon René
Boiret. It is said that his instruction was unsystematic, again a sign of
neglect towards the poor child. He also had English lessons with William Tilbury and two priests and music lessons with Marcos António Portugal and Sigismund Neukomm. The Prince learned to play violin, flute and piano, amongst many others.
Pedro’s neglect later haunted him throughout his
adulthood and it is said that he told Viscount of Barbacena in 1827 while
introducing to the later his homonymous son Pedro: “Miguel [his brother] and
I shall be the last ill-bred of this family“. And in fact Pedro’s children
received a complete education.
Napeir** said about the Prince: "[He had] qualities characteristic to himself: the bad were due to the lack of education he received and no men knew this better than him".
The Prince suffered from epilepsy and some of his siblings presented sympotms too.
*Who was almost 70 years old! It was his
advanced age that forbade him to later depart with the Royal Family to Brazil.
It seems that he was very fond of the little Prince, never forgetting him, and
even bequeathing the later his private library.
**General Charles James Napier (1782-1853): born in London, Napier fought against Napoleonic troops in Portugal and later becam British Army's Commander-in -Chief in India. His mother was one of the great-grandaughters of King Charles II.
A new home
In 1807, when Pedro was nine, the Royal Family fled
to Brazil due to the Napoleonic invasions (read the post “King João VI, the
Merciful”). It is said that during the voyage the Prince liked to be with the sailors and that sometimes he could be seen reading Virgil's "Aeneid" (some authors claim that it is too epic to be true...).
At Brazil, little Pedro inhabited Quinta da Boa Vista Palace at São Cristóvão with his family, but he also spent his childhood
between Fazenda de Santa Cruz and the Imperial Palace.
The Prince’s education wasn’t correctly supervised,
therefore he and his younger brother Miguel, would often run away from their
tutors to play with the boys that were working at the stables and spent their
days running and playing at the streets with other children.
The little Princes also simulated battles,
forming regiments with their playmates. Some historians claim that due to the
fact that they played with the peasant’s children they begun to acquire many of
their habits as well as language expressions. Thus Pedro grew indifferent to
the protocols and conventions of the Palaces. He considered himself a peasant’s
child rather than a royal one.
Even though Pedro was neglected by his parents, it is in fact known that Pedro was the
King’s favorite son, contrary to his mother who favoured his brother Prince
Miguel (she even went to live in a different Palace with her daughters and Miguel, while Pedro stayed with his father...).
Despite his parents’ apparent lack of
supervision in his studies, the young Prince was very fond of drawing, sculpting, manual crafts and poetry, even attending the drawing classes at the Art's Academy. He also excelled at horse riding, enjoyed the military life and demonstrated
an early musical talent, later even composing music which is still nowadays considered
by some to be of a very distinguished quality. He even treated his own horses.
Pedro read the sermons of father António
Vieira, the letters by Madame de Sévigné, the works of Edmund Burke, Voltaire and
Benjamin Constant. Some say that till the end of his days he reserved two hours
for reading and studying.
As a young men
Prince Pedro was considered very handsome and
soon became the favorite talk (one should say gossip!) of the town. He liked to go to local taverns in the company of Palace servants and it is said that he went disguised to avoid more gossips. A foreigner is said to have stated that the Prince was the best man at guns handle in the entire Brazil!
It is said that during his horse rides, Pedro was
indecent, drawing back the curtains of the passing carriages hoping to find a
hidden beauty (for shame! :p). He was known to be a womanizer: he had several affairs
with the wives of prominent officials and with many other ladies.
Meanwhile, he used to
attend the drawing class at the Art’s Academy. He also took an interest in
painting, lithography and sculpture.
He soon became the favourite topic of the European Courts: people said he was born a native and
that he defecated in public and slept with local women.
Though many of his romantic escapades were
hidden from his family, there was one case in particular that threatened to stain
the Royal Family’s honor: the Prince’s affair with a young French
ballerina, Noémi Thierry which became the talk of Rio de Janeiro. Despite the gossips,
the Royal Court decided to ignore the rumors till it was discovered that the danseuse française
was pregnant (but the baby was a still born...). Meanwhile King João was making plans for his son’s marriage
with an European Princess. The King knew if the news of Pedro’s latest “adventure”
reached the European Courts, it would be harder to marry his son to a
respectable House. Therefore the Heir Apparent was persuaded to end his affair.
But la française became quite
expensive to the Royal Family, for she received a large sum of money to go
dancing elsewhere.
Marriage
After the “French adventure”, Prince Pedro married
by proxy on the 13th of May 1817, to Archduchess Caroline
Josepha Leopoldine Franziska Ferdinanda of Habsburg-Lothringen from the Royal House
of Habsburg. She became known as Empress Leopoldina.
From the Portuguese side the man responsible for the procuration for Prince Pedro marriage with Leopoldina was the Marquis of Marialva (José Joaquim Vito de Meneses Coutinho) and on the Austrian side was Prince Clemens von Metternich.
The proxy marriage
took place at St Agostinho church in Vienna. Prince Pedro was represented by
the Archduke Karl Ludwig.
The Archduchess and her party then departed to
Florence on the 3rd of June reaching it in a fortnight. The
Portuguese entourage arrived only at Livorno (or Leghorn, Tuscany – Italy) on
the 24 of July…
They all departed on the 15th of
August in D. João VI vessel. The
Austrian ambassador, Count of Elz, also escorted the Archduchess on another
vessel, the D. Sebastião. The party
arrived at Rio de Janeiro on the 5th of November. At Brazil the ceremony took place at Saint
Ifigénia’s church after the Prince met Leopoldina at the harbour. It is said that he was not impressed when he saw her, but he admired her intelligence.
Pedro's marriage was a strategic one for King João intended to join the Portuguese crown to the Holy Alliance* with
which the Habsburgs were allied.
*Created after Napoleon's defeat and signed in Paris, this Alliance was formed by Russia, Austria and Prussia.
In exchange for Leopoldina’s hand King João VI
paid a dowry to her father that was so big that he had to mortgage the House of
Bragança!
The couple went to live in
São Cristóvão Palace. It appears that the first years of marriage
were quiet and happy, despite the grotesque language that the prince used to
use… At 2 o’clock the couple had dinner, at 4 they strolled together and by
night he played flute while she accompanied him at the piano.
On the 4th of April 1819, the first child of
the couple was born. This little princess would become Queen Maria II of
Portugal. After her, six more babies were born, of which only four survived
during the couple’s 9 years marriage.
Leopoldina was not aware at first of the epileptic
condition of Pedro, but she was no stranger to this condition, since allegedly
her brother Ferdinand was also epileptic.
On the 11th of December 1826 after
violent alternating symptomatic convulsions with nervous attacks and despite
the physicians’ efforts, Leopoldina died. Pedro was away on campaign and he received the news when he arrived. It is said that he was devastated but it didn't prevent him to go to the "seductive witch" (as Leopoldina reffered to Domitila on a letter to her dear sister Marie Louise) again some days after...Leopoldina was carrying a baby that also died. The cause of death was an infection due to the misscarriage.
Pedro was accused of violence against his wife. A story began to circulate, saying that the Emperor had pushed the Empress and she fell, fracturing some limbs and that she afterwards had a misscarriage due to it.
However, recent discoveries possible due to the exhumation of the body of the Empress (and that of the Emperor and his second wife, Amélie) proved that Leopoldina had no fractured bones. But it doesn't prove that Pedro didn't push her.
King of Portugal, Emperor of Brazil
When
Napoleon was defeated, in Portugal the wish to become once again the center of
the Portuguese empire compelled the Portuguese to demand the King’s return to
Portugal. But in Brazil some defended
that the Prince heir was the one who should go because they were afraid that if
the King left, it would mean the end of the relationship between Portugal and
Brazil. When Pedro learned about this he
hesitated and Leopoldina, who was pregnant at the time, said that she wouldn’t
stay at Brazil without him and she encouraged his stay and eventually it was King João who went to
Portugal.
By then several uprisings were spreading at Brazil: independence was
wanted.
On April,
26 of 1821 the King departed with Queen Carlota Joaquina and an entourage of 4
thousand people, being amongst those: ministers, officers, diplomats and their
respective families. It is said that King João was cast down but that the Queen
was in pure bliss remarking: “finally I’ll see intelligent people”.
Accompanying the voyage were safes full of riches from the Bank of Brazil. The
King and his entourage arrived at Portugal on the 4th of July and
there it started the beginning of a constitutionalist regime instead of the till
then absolutist. But King João was unable to exercise any
authority in Portugal for liberals were in charge of the Courts, manipulating
it. The Courts were extremely hostile towards Brazil, and even returned
its status to that of a colony.
Meanwhile
at Brazil the revolutionary ideals of the French had already consumed the
people. The merchants, exporters and other business men now defended that
Brazil needed its autonomy in order to really profit from the commerce.
On the 5th
of June 1821, Portuguese troops under the command of General Jorge de Avilez (first
Viscount of Reguengo, 1785-1845) demanded from Prince Pedro to oath the future
basis of the Portuguese Constitution. It was also communicated that the Portuguese government ordered Pedro to
return to Portugal. But the Prince refused claiming “I stay!”. For this reason
this day became known as “Dia do Fico” (literarily meaning “I stay day”).
The troops then made clear if the Prince would not go on his own accord then he
would go by force.
In January 1822, General Avilez dispatched his troops to seize Pedro but the Prince had already been
preparing troops which eventually were able to defeat General Avilez’s force by
laying a siege and imposing to Avilez that if he refused to go, his army would
be slaughtered. Avilez was forced to
return to Portugal.
When King João VI died on March 10, 1826, Pedro inherited the throne of Portugal, becoming King Pedro IV while Pedro's sister Isabel Maria, became regent of Portugal while her brother was in Brazil. However he decided to abdicate the throne in
favour of his seven year old daughter Maria da Glória (the fact that he would become King at the same time he was Emperor wasn't well received so he took this measure) but in one condition: at
the age of 14, the little girl would have to marry to her uncle Miguel! Miguel accepted this solution and distanced himself from
the absolutists*, some of whom staged a rebellion, failed, and fled to Spain.
*Defenders of the absolutism which states that only one person must held the power, being independent of other organizations.
But Pedro had another bussiness on his hands. When Prince Pedro was returning from a visit to Santos
near Ipiranga rivulet, he encountered two messengers who were sent by his wife* and José Bonifácio (Brazilian statesman, 1763-1838). One of the letters indicated that another
decree had arrived from Portugal and that Pedro was accused of treason. For refusing to return to Portugal he was considered a mere representative of the Lisbon Court in Brazil instead of a regent. There, on the 7th of September 1822, on the banks of Ipiranga Pedro shouted "Independence or death!". This event became known as "Grito do Ipiranga" (Ipiranga's shout).
Seven days
later the Prince was warmly received at Rio de Janeiro. On the 12 of October,
1822 the Prince was proclaimed Emperor.
The ceremony of coronation occurred on the 1st
of December 1822 much to the style of Napoleon’s coronation (Pedro also crowned himself). Leopoldina took the preparations needed for ther husband's coronation. After this
some measures were taken such as the gathering of a 60 thousand men army.
*Leopoldina who was very active politicaly and intervened regularly in her husband’s political decisions, urged him in this a letter: "Brazil is like a volcano ... With or without
your help, it will secede. The apple is ripe, pluck it now or it will go bad
... Pedro, this moment is the most
important of your whole life ... You will have the support of the whole of
Brazil." The Empress became Brazil's regent when her husband went away on a tour of inspection to São Paulo in
the middle of August 1822. Her status was confirmed with a document dated 13 August 1822, giving
her complete authority to take any political decision.
Meanwhile
in Portugal, Queen Carlota Joaquina and her favourite son were plotting the
Vilafrancada** to nullify the Constitution and so re-establish the absolutist
regime. In the following year (1824) the precious child and the dedicated
mother were conspiring again against the King with the Abrilada**. But with the
help of the British army King João defeated his son who was sent to exile in
Vienna (Austria).
**Both the
Vilafrancada and the Abrilada are explained in King João VI, "The Merciful",
thread.
But in 1827, Prince Miguel attempted to claim the regency of Portugal, over his sister. Thus on February 22, 1828, Miguel returned to Portugal and four days after his arrival he took the oath and charter and was installed as lieutenant-general. Miguel and his mother, Carlota Joaquina immediately began to expel the liberals*** and repressed demonstrations in favour of Pedro or the Constitution. Thus Pedro was King of Portugal for only one year (1826).
***Defenders of individual freedom in economics, politics, religion and intelectual, of non agression and the person's supremacy against the state.
The United
States of America was the first country to recognize Brazil as a country on the
26 of June, 1824. Portugal’s recognition would only come later. In the same year, Pedro granted Brazil its first Constitution which was influenced by the
French Constitution of 1791 and by the Spanish Constitution of 1812. It
expressed the impossibility of adjoining Brazil to any other country.
The first
attempt of truce between Portugal and Brazil had already happened on the
previous year however it had no effect. Later, England aware that a war between
the two countries would affect British interests in South America, offered
mediation through Charles Stuart* who was to guarantee from Brazil the payment of an
indemnity to Portugal in change of the recognition of independence. This left Brazil with an enormous amount of
money indebted to England. Thus In 1825, King João VI named Stuart his plenipotentiary with powers to negotiate and sign with Brazil a treaty on the recognition of that country's independence. Stuart signed the treaty on 29 August 1825 and on 15 November of the same year King João VI ratified it.
*1st Baron Stuart de Rothesay (1779-1845) was a British diplomat. He married Elizabeth Margaret and had two daughters.
Empress Leopoldina also used her contacts in Vienna to ensure that Brazil's independence was also recognized there. She also wrote to her father-in-law pleading him to ratify the Constitution.
However Pedro’s popularity decreased during the Ciplistine war. Cisplatine was an important colony due to the control
of Prata estuary which made possible the communication with the interior
regions. But some natives of the province rebelled against Brazil and declared
the union of the Cisplatine with the United Provinces of River Prata, future
Argentina. Despite disposing of a great number of soldiers and ships, Brazil
was incapable of defeating the troops of the United Provinces and the
Cistipline rebels. The war had caused an incredible economic damage as well as
the death of thousands of Brazilians. A peace treaty was eventually signed on
the 28 of August 1828. The Emperor’s image was greatly damaged: people regarded him as the culprit
of the economic damages, military losses, deaths and the loss of territory. Also
republican sentiments upraised during the war. It was during Pedro’s visit to the troops in 1826
that lovely Empress Leopoldina died.
The wind wasn’t blowing in Pedro’s
side. During his reign as Emperor, debt and inflation grew, the exchange rate decreased and
the cost of living rose in the cities. British tariffs were immensely large and
the production of local goods (so much appreciated in Europe) decreased. With
the Portuguese still in control of most of the retail market, anti-Portuguese
feelings mounted.
Due to the facts above explained and
a misunderstanding with the Council, Pedro abdicated Brazil’s crown in favour
of his 5 years old son, Pedro on the 7th of April 1827. In that way he looked to leave the throne to his
descendants, being thus available to fight his brother Miguel and reclaim the
Portuguese throne to his little daughter Maria da Glória. But his departure
was also caused by instabilities rising in Brazil as mentioned above.
Curiosity
Two crowns
In April 1822, Prince Pedro received an offer
by the Greek government to take the Greek throne. Greece was then struggling in
a fight for national independence. The Prince declined (Otto of Bavaria
eventually became King of Greece). Again in 1826 and 1829, Pedro declined
another offer.
Another marital quest
Due to his conflicts with his
brother Miguel and the fact that he had fought for Brazil’s independence together
with his love affairs, made him less popular in Europe. The Marquis of
Barbacena* was charged with the herculean job to find Pedro a wife in Europe (to where he was sent in 1827). He spent
several months looking for a well breed Princess whose family would accept the match.
*Felisberto Caldeira Brant Pontes de Oliveira Horta (1772-1842) was a diplomat, politician and military man. . He went
to Brazil together with the Royal Family in 1807 (though born in Brazil he went to Lisbon to study). He was a pioneer in steam boat
navigation. He was nominated by José Bonifácio in 1822 as chargé d’affaires in
London to make England recognize the independence of Brazil. He then occupied
several political posts.
The
Marquis of Barbacena was to convince Metternich (a
supporter of Prince Miguel) to allow the Emperor to have a new wife. It appears that the Emperor asked as a
condition that this time the princess should be pretty… It was not an easy task especially because of the scandalous adventures of the Emperor with Domitila (to whom he
conceded the title of Marchioness of Santos and had 5 children of which only 2 made it to adulthood) were circling the European
courts. After almost two years in Europe
trying to find a new bride to the Emperor, the Marquis of Barbacena signed the
marriage treaty with Princess Amélie of Beauharnais. When the beautiful 17 year
old Princess arrived, the Emperor had already ended his adventure with Domitila
who was sent away.
Amélie was
one of the granddaughters of Empress Joséphine and daughter of Joséphine’s only
male child and stepson of Napoleon. She was also a granddaughter of Maximilain
I of Bavaria.
It was to the Viscount of Pedra Branca** ("white stone"), minister in Paris, that the beauty was indicated. The marriage proxy was signed in England on the 29th of May 1829 and ratified in June in Munich by Amélie's mother. In July, at Brazil, a treaty of marriage between Pedro and Amélie was signed. A proxy marriage ceremony took place at Leuchtenberg Palace in Munich on the 2nd of August of the same year. Amélie sailed from Ostende (Belgium) to Brazil aboard the frigate Imperatriz ("Empress"), where she arrived in October. On the following day they married in person at the Imperial Chapel in Rio de Janeiro.
**Domingos Borges de Barros (1780-1855) was a Brazilian politician, writer and attorney.
Brothers at war
It was in
April 1831 that the former Emperor, now just a Prince, departed to Portugal,
the country where he was born but haven’t seen for 24 years! He departed on
board the Volage to where he had
transferred from Warspite, a British
embarkation where he had arranged all his business necessary before his
departure. Together with him went Princess Amélie, a physician, nannies and
slaves. They arrived in France on June where they were well received. On the
same month they went to England. His aim was to gather liberal troops to defeat
Miguel in Portugal. In the end of August 1831, Pedro went again to France. It was there that on the 1st of
December Princess Maria Amélia, the first daughter of Pedro and Amélie, was
born. But the parent’s rejoice didn’t last long for he was warned 10 days later
that the money for the expedition had at last arrived (authors discuss that it
isn’t well known from where these amount came, however they speculate that it
came from several liberals, even Spanish
ones who wanted the spirit of Constitutionalism to arrive to Spain).
After
several problems, the expedition finally departed in February 1832 from
Belle-Isle, Brittany (France). The squadron was formed by 3 ships, a steam
charter and some embarkations of smaller size. It is said that they were all
very old! Aboard D. Amélia two
crucial figures of the Portuguese literature were aboard as soldiers: Almeida
Garret* and Alexandre Herculano** (who became friends with King Pedro V).
*João
Baptista da Silva Leitão de Almeida Garret (1799-1854) parents moved to the
Azores in order to flee from the French invasions and there João studied. He embraced the liberal ideals and defended
that the British should be expelled from Portugal during the post-invasions.
His revolutionary ideals marked his texts and poems. He married Luísa Midosi of
whom he later divorced. After that he had two more relationships. After the
Vilafrancada (read the thread about King João VI, the Merciful) he exiled in
Birmingham (England) and in 1824 departed for Havre (France) and then to Paris.
After Prince Pedro granted the Constitutional Charter, Garret returned to
Portugal. After Prince Miguel’s arrival he exiled again in England. In 1836 he
returned to Lisbon. His most notable works are “Frei Luís de Sousa” (Friar Luís
de Sousa), “Viagens na Minha Terra” (Travels in my Homeland) and “Folhas caídas”
(Fallen leaves). Political works: “O Dia Vinte e Quatro de Agosto” (The twenty
four of August) and “O retrato de Vénus” (The portrait of Venus).
**For
Alexandre Herculano read the chapter about King Pedro V, the Beloved.
Arriving
at the Azores, prince Pedro then proclaimed himself as the regent of Portugal
and nominated a Government formed by liberalists such as the Duke of
Palmela***, Agostinho José Freire**** and Mouzinho da Silveira*****.
***Pedro
de Sousa Holstein (1781-1850) was a politician and military man who was born in
Turin. He was the responsible to
represent Portugal in the Congress of Vienna and several times minister of the
Foreign Offices and ambassador of Portugal in several countries. He translated the Portuguese epic poem by
Camões, “The Lusíadas” into French. His
father was also a former ambassador of Portugal so Pedro spent his childhood
travelling from country to country till he finally settled in Portugal.
****Born in 1780, José was a politician and a
member of the Portuguese Army. He was murdered during the Belenzada (read the
thread about Queen Maria II, the Good Mother) in 1836.
*****José
Xavier Mouzinho da Silveira (1780-1849) was a Portuguese statesman and
politician. He was in Lisbon in 1807
when Junot’s troops entered in Portugal (read the thread concerning King João
VI, the Merciful). Until the revolution of 1820 he maintained an active activity
as jurist in several cities. During the Abrilada (read the thread about King
João VI, the Merciful), Prince Miguel ordered his arrest but he was freed by
King João VI. With the liberal revolution he became Administrator General of
Customs during which he was a major figure in the implementation of measures
such as: the reduction of tithe, extinction of several convents, reduction of
the manorial rights, administrative re-structuration of the territory, end of
ecclesiastic privileges, restriction of primogeniture, reduction of the toll
and etc. In 1832 due to disagreements with the Duke of Palmela concerning
politics, he started to live between Portugal and exile in France. In 1836 with the setembristas revolution
(read the thread about Queen Maria II, the Good Mother) he exiled again in
France but eventually returned to Lisbon to assume another post.
While
everything was being taken care of in the Azores to ready the expedition, the
former Emperor Pedro had time for another adventure…This time he fell for a
young nun with whom he had a child that died in infancy.
On the 8th
of July, 1832 the troops (more than 7500 men) and 50 ships commanded by Admiral
Sartorius******, disembarked near Mindelo. On the day after, the liberals enter at
Porto which converts in the head-quarter of the liberalist army. Due to miguelistas (name derived from Miguel,
which stands for the supporters of this Prince) troops superiority the liberals
are forced during the battles to retreat constantly to their head-quarter.
******Admiral of the Fleet Sir George Rose Sartorius (1790-1885) was a Royal Navy officer. He was succeeded in his command in 1833 by Captain Charles Napier.
In 1833
there was an attempt of reconciliation but Prince Miguel refused to leave
Portugal. In the same year, the army wins a new commandant, Saldanha. In June
the Duke of Terceira manages to disembark in Algarve with part of the army and
on the 24 of July another part of the liberal troops disembarked in Lisbon
which had already been abandoned by the absolutists. Later Saldanha managed to
end the siege at Porto. Meanwhile Prince Pedro received from a Brazilian party
a request to return to Brazil but the Prince makes clear that he abdicated in
favour of his son.
